Density

• Density = ^Mass/_Volume
• To measure the density of a liquid:
  • Place a measuring cylinder on a balance
  • Fill the measuring cylinder with the liquid
  • The change in mass is the mass of the liquid, and the volume is shown on the scale.
  • Then use the formula.
• To get the density of a solid:
  • Find the volume:
    • To find the volume of a regular object, use its mathematical formula.
    • If the object is irregular, put the object into a measuring cylinder with water, and the rise of the water is the volume of the object.
  • Find the mass: Weigh the object on a scale
  • Then use the formula.

Flotation

• The density of water is 1 g/cm³, if an object has a greater density than that, it will sink in water, and if the object’s density is less than that, then it will float in water.
• For example, an orange with its peel has a density of 0.84 g/cm³, we can predict that it will float because it is less than 1 g/cm³. We can also say that an orange without its peel, which has a density of 1.16 g/cm³ will sink because it is greater than 1 g/cm³
  

  Photo Credit: CSIRO’s Tweet

PRESSURE

Pressure in Solids

• Pressure (Pa) = ^{Force (N)}/_{Area (m²)}
• P = ^F/_A
• Unit: Pascals (Pa) = ^N/_m²

Pressure in Liquids

• Pressure (Pa) = Density (^kg/_m³) × Gravity (^m/_s²) × Height (m)
• P = hρg
• At a depth of 10 m in water, the pressure is always 100 000 Pa (1 bar) and is constant for each further 10 m.

Atmospheric Pressure

• 1 atm = 101.325 × 10³ Pa = 101kPa

Photo Credit: Manometer (ACSMASIndia.com), Barometer (Brainly.in)

Manometer

• A manometer measures pressure difference.
• The height difference shows the excess pressure in addition to the atmospheric pressure

Barometer

• A barometer is a tube with vacuum at the top and mercury filling the rest.
• The pressure of the air pushes down on the reservoir, forcing mercury up the tube.
• Measure the height of the mercury.
• 1 atm is approximately 760 mm of mercury.

Examples

1. A shape with dimensions 5 cm × 4 cm × 2 cm. It has a mass of 100 g. What is the density of the material?
   • Density = ^Mass/_Volume
   • Mass = 100 g
   • Volume = 5 × 4 × 2 = 40 cm³
   • ∴ Density = 100/40
   • ∴ Density = 2.5 g/cm³